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In this part, I will explain the two remaining CQL commands: UPDATE and DELETE.
As the name suggests, this command is used to delete data from a table. The structure of the command is very similar to SELECT command. You can specify a condition determining which rows you want to delete.
DELETE FROM table1; DELETE FROM table2 WHERE user_id = 'mahdix';
The first command will remove all rows from table table1. The second command will only remove rows whose user_id is matching the given criteria.
Note that you can also use keyspace_name.table_name syntax instead of the table name.
In Cassandra, the relation between rows and columns is looser than in traditional RDBMSs. Because of that, each row can have its own columns which can be same as other rows or different. You can use DELETE command to delete some columns from a row. This will not remove the whole row but some columns will be removed without touching other remaining columns. For example:
DELETE field1, field2 FROM table1 WHERE name = 'mahdi';
This will delete two fields from rows in table1 which match the given criteria.
If you want to delete all rows from a table, there is a simpler command for that:
TRUNCATE keyspace1.table1;
This command is used to change values of attributes for one or more rows:
UPDATE table1 SET age = age + 1 WHERE name = 'mahdi';
This command will update all rows in table1 who have ‘mahdi‘ as the value of their name field. This update statement will increment the value of age attribute.
To change value of set collection data types you should use plus and minus sign:
UPDATE table1 SET emails = emails + { 'mahdix@gmail.com' } WHERE name = 'mahdi';
UPDATE table1 SET emails = emails - { 'info@mahdix.com' } WHERE name = 'mahdi';
UPDATE table1 SET emails = {} WHERE name = 'mahdi';
Above syntax is for set data type. For a list, follow the same syntax, except using brackets instead of braces:
UPDATE table1 SET members = ['person1', 'person2'] WHERE id = 1; UPDATE table1 SET members = members + ['person3'] WHERE id = 3; UPDATE table1 SET members = ['person4'] + members WHERE id = 4; UPDATE table1 SET members = members - ['person1'] WHERE id = 2;
As you can see, you can either append or prepend data to a list. This is doable because, in a list, the order of items is important (unlike a set where the order or repetition does not matter).
For map data type, you follow the same syntax used for insertion of data:
UPDATE table1 SET state_population = { 'OH': 8, 'CA': 30} WHERE code = 'US';
UPDATE table1 SET state_population['OH'] = 9 WHERE code = 'US';
UPDATE table1 SET state_population = state_population + { 'TX': 17 } WHERE code = 'US';
There are some other commands which are not discussed in my posts. Mostly because they are not very common. For example, there are permission control commands (CREATE USER, ALTER USER, GRANT, REVOKE) to manage users and their permissions (such as CREATE, DROP, SELECT, MODIFY, …) to a table or keyspace.
Another useful set of commands is for working with index (CREATE INDEX, DROP INDEX). Indexes are used to help Cassandra find rows faster. If you have some columns which are not part of primary key but are commonly used in your queries’ criteria, they may be a good candidate to create an index. In future posts, I will explain more about indexes.